.if !\n(xx .so tmac.p
.ND
'nr H1 2
.NH
Automatic program formatting
.NH 2
Motivation
.PP
Just as software packages to automatically format documents 
aid the construction of readable and accurate documents,
packages which aid the construction of programs by helping prepare
and maintain the text in a standard and easily readable format
can aid the entire programming process.
With an automatically structured listing, the reader can trust the
textual display of the program to be accurate and can concentrate
on understanding the program, rather than deciphering the style in
which it is written.
Even when
.I "programming secretaries"
are available, an automated preparation system can improve the
programming process by defining a standard format for programs,
making them easier to read.
After programs are completed, and modifications to provide new features
or to correct bugs are required, an automatic formatting system
can work with an intelligently designed source code control
system to help maintain clean programs with their histories.
.PP
The first version of
.I pxp
took a step toward the goal of machine aided program formatting
by formatting the code of the program.
It did not, however, in any way help with the annotation of
the program with comments.
The following sections describe a comment processing
facility design which was added to
.I pxp.
.NH 2
Implementation
.PP
When parsing the program information is saved in the parse tree which
tells the source text coordinates (sequence numbers and columns)
for the input tokens at the boundaries of chosen productions.
The comments from the source program are saved in a separate data
structure together with information about their source text locations and a
classification of their ``type.''
The comment reformatting process proceeds by printing out the parsed program
and periodically flushing out comments.
.NH 3
The kinds of comments
.PP
.I Pxp
distinguishes several types of comments in the input thereby varying
their placement in the output.
The four basic kinds of comments are:
.IP
.B
Left marginal.
.R
At the left margin on input these comments are retained at the
left margin in the output.
.IP
.B
Aligned.
.R
Comments which are not at the left margin on input but which have no tokens
preceding them on the input line are aligned with the program text on output.
.IP
.B
Trailing.
.R
Comments appearing after tokens in the input line but separated from the
last token on the line by only a small amount of white space are placed
similarly in the output.
.IP
.B
Right marginal.
.R
Comments which are more than a small amount of white space past the last
token on a line are aligned about 35 spaces to the right of the running
program text.
.PP
In addition to these comments, other formatting features of the input
are preserved to the output.
These include blank lines, form ejects, and
.B include
directives.
.NH 2
Examples of comment types
.PP
Consider the following example:
.LS
{ Factorial program - Assigment 1
  John Jones, CS 153, Fall 1977 }

\fBprogram\fP fact(output);
\fBconst\fP maxfact = 20; {last factorial to be computed}

        \fBfunction\fP rfact(i: integer): integer;
        \fBbegin\fP
               \fBif\fP i <= 1 \fBthen\fP         {terminate}
                      fact := 1
               \fBelse\fP                   {recurse}
                      fact := i * fact(i - 1)
        \fBend\fP;

\fBbegin\fP
        i := 1;
        j := 1;
        {iterative factorial}
        \fBrepeat\fP
               writeln(i, j);
               j := j * i;
               i := i + 1;
        \fBuntil\fP i > maxfact;

        {recursive factorial}
        \fBfor\fP i := 1 \fBto\fP maxfact \fBdo\fP
               writeln(i, rfact(i))
\fBend\fP.
.LE
.PP
This program has all four basic comment types.
The first comment is
.I marginal
(and is followed by a blank line which is also preserved in a
reformatted listing.)
The comments in the text ``iterative factorial''
and ``recursive factorial'' are 
.I aligned
comments.
The comment on the declaration of
.I maxfact
is a
.I trailing
comment while the comments in
.I rfact
are
.I "right marginal."
.PP
Since the objective of the program reformatting is to not require the
saving of the raw programs which produced the restructured programs,
it is necessary for the reformatting to produce programs which are
.I "fixed points"
with respect to the comment processing;
that is the form of restructured programs must be preserved under
repeated reformatting.
The above types of comments have been carefully chosen so that
this occurs.
.NH 3
Data structures (overview)
.PP
The following sections provide a brief descriptions of the data structures
used by the comment formatting cluster and the method used by the cluster
itself.
The actual reformatting process involves a number of complications not
detailed here, necessary to discern as much as possible from the source
text in order to reasonably classify comments into one of the four available
types, and in order to live with the existing structure of the parser of
.I pi .
.PP
As each comment is encountered in the source text it is chained 
onto a singly linked list recording the kind of comment involved;
the comment delimiter, either `{' or `(*';
the source text coordinates of the comment;
and a linked list of lines of comment text.
.PP
The other data structure used to gather information is a stack parallel to the
parse stack.
For each element of the parse stack this stack contains the source text
coordinates of the leftmost token shifted over in creating the associated
state.
Thus, when a reduction occurs, it is possible to identify the portion of the
input text which was reduced.
At numerous points in the parse tree where comment text is to be processed
we save the source coordinates of the first and last token in the reduced
production as well as the coordinates of the following (lookahead) token.
.NH 3
Comment processing (overview)
.PP
Formatting of the comments back into the program uses the source text
coordinates embedded in the parse tree and attached to comments to construct
a formatted listing.
The ideas involved are quite simple.
When we begin to print out a statement level subtree we first print out
comments which precede this statement.
We then print out the statement itself,
possible invoking this process recursively.
In recursive declarations provisions are made for embedded comments also.
.PP
The most important complication is that comments which appear after the last
token of a
.B procedure
or
.B function
must be associated with this routine rather than being printed before the
next.
This requires a special ``to end of line'' kind of comment flushing.
Other complications arise because of the pre-existing data structures in
.I pxp .
The code for
.I pxp
contains a number of comments detailing the resolution of these and other
problems.
.bp
.NH
Conclusions
.NH 2
Design
.PP
In retrospect, most of the design decisions were well-made.
The counter placement rules resulted in a small number of counters.
The reparsing of the program runs at a reasonable rate,
approximately twice the speed of compilation.
The inaccurate counts which may be generated with non-local
.B goto
statements have as yet caused no problems.
The biggest deficiency in the design is, in fact, the lack of a debugger
implementation to complement the profiling facilities.
.NH 2
Implementation
.PP
The implementation proved to be quite simple.
The design choices allowing
.I pxp
to use the framework of
.I pi
were well taken.
The largest weakness of the implementation may be the fact that
the print cluster structure may not necessarily be the best one for
doing long statement folding across line boundaries, and for
processing the placement of multiple statements per line.
Whether or not this is true would be seen if such a implementation
modification were attempted.
.NH 2
Profiling
.PP
The format of the profile worked out quite well.
Basing the format on [9] was an excellent choice.
For initialization procedures and some others, multiple
statement per line placements is noticeably needed.
It is felt that languages which offer initialization facilities
for structured statements will likewise need more complex format
processing in such declarations.
With comment reformatting a profile can substitute
for a program listing.
In this case the philosophy of suppressing unexecuted
.B procedure
and
.B function
bodies as well as declaration parts
might be re-examined.
.NH 2
Reformatting
.PP
For program formatting, a comment formatting facility is a must.
The author feels that the basic format of programs is well chosen,
but most persons would prefer an (at least slightly) different format.
Again, long statement folding and the placement of multiple statements
per line would be a plus here.
Even in its present state, the formatting facilities are judged to be
useful, especially for showing students with no perceivable style
one plausible way of formatting Pascal programs.
.NH 2
Future systems
.PP
Execution profiling is an important tool because it provides feedback at the
source program level.
A number of systems including such facilities exist or are proposed
[10] [11] [12] [13].
The author expects the following to be components of future systems:
.HP
.RS
.IP 1)
Source language editors [16] [17]
.IP 2)
Symbolic source language debuggers [8] [16]
.IP 3)
Source code control systems [18]
.RE
.PP
A well-designed programming language system with these components could provide
systems programmers with a powerful set of system construction tools,
similar to those available in excellent \s-2LISP\s0 systems such as [16].
.bp
.SH
References
.PP
.IP [1]
Charles B. Haley
.br
Master's Project Report
.br
U.C. Berkeley, June, 1977.
.IP [2]
William N. Joy
.br
.I "PX 1.1 Implementation Notes"
.br
October, 1978.
.IP [3]
William N. Joy, Susan L. Graham, and Charles B. Haley
.br
.I "Berkeley Pascal User's Manual"
.br
Version 1.0 \- November, 1977.
.IP [4]
K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie
.br
.I
UNIX
Programmers Manual
.R
.br
Version 6.7
(revised at University of California)
.br
June 1977.
.IP [5]
Kathleen Jensen and Niklaus Wirth
.br
.I
Pascal \- User Manual and Report
.R
.br
Springer-Verlag, New York
.br
1975.
.IP [6]
William N. Joy
.br
.I "PDB Design notes and draft manual"
.br
January, 1977.
.IP [7]
D. E. Knuth and F. R. Stevenson
.br
.I "Optimal measurement points for program frequency counts"
.br
BIT 13 (1973) 313-322.
.IP [8]
Edwin H. Satterthwaite
.br
.I "Source Language Debugging Tools"
.br
STAN-CS-75-494, May, 1975.
.IP [9]
Edwin H. Satterthwaite
.br
.I "Debugging Tools for High Level Languages"
.br
Software, Practice and Experience
.br
Vol. 2, 197-217, 1972.
.IP [10]
J. D. Ichbiah, J, C. H\*'eliard, J. P. Rissen, P. Cousot
.br
.I "The Systems Implementation Language LIS - Reference Manual"
.br
Technical Report 4549 E1/EN.
.br
Compagnie Internationale pour l\(aaInformatique
.br
68, route de Versailles \- 78430 LOUVECIENNES
.br
December 1974. Revised January 1976.
.IP [11]
B. W. Lampson, J. J. Horning, R. L. London, J. G. Mitchell, G. L. Popek
.br
.I "Report on the Programming Language Euclid"
.br
Sigplan Notices, Volume 12, Number 2.
.br
February 1977.
.br
Pp. 64-65.
.IP [12]
D. T. Barnard
.br
.I "Automatic generation of syntax-repairing and paragraphing parsers"
.br
Technical Report CSRG-52.
.br
Computer Systems Research Group
.br
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
.br
April 1975.
.IP [13]
R. C. Holt and D. T. Barnard
.br
.I "Syntax directed error repair and paragraphing"
.br
Computer Systems Research Group.
.br
University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario.
.br
June, 1976.
.IP [14]
A. van Wijngaarden, et. al.
.br
.I "Revised Report on the algorithmic language ALGOL 68"
.br
Sigplan Notices, Volume 12, Number 5.
.br
May 1977.
.IP [15]
Niklaus Wirth
.br
.I "Modula: A language for modular multiprogramming"
.br
Institut f\*:ur Informatik
.br
ETH, CH 8092 Z\*:urich
.br
March, 1976.
.IP [16]
Warren Teitleman
.br
.I "Interlisp Reference Manual"
.br
Xerox Palo Alto Research Center
.br
Palo Alto, California
.br
December 1974.
.IP [17]
Steve German
.br
.I
ECL in-core editor
.R
.br
Documentation dated 10/20/1973.
.IP [18]
Rochkind, Marc J.
.br
The Source Code Control System
.br
IEEE TOSE Vol SE-1 #4
.br
Dec. 1975, 364-370