BC(1)                                                                    BC(1)



NAME
       bc - arbitrary-precision arithmetic language

SYNOPSIS
       bc [ -c ] [ -l ] [ file ... ]

DESCRIPTION
       _B_c  is  an  interactive  processor for a language which resembles C but
       provides unlimited precision arithmetic.  It takes input from any files
       given,  then  reads the standard input.  The -l argument stands for the
       name of an arbitrary precision math library.  The syntax  for  _b_c  pro‐
       grams  is  as  follows; L means letter a-z, E means expression, S means
       statement.

       Comments
             are enclosed in /* and */.

       Names
             simple variables: L
             array elements: L [ E ]
             The words ‘ibase’, ‘obase’, and ‘scale’

       Other operands
             arbitrarily long numbers with optional sign and decimal point.
             ( E )
             sqrt ( E )
             length ( E )   number of significant decimal digits
             scale ( E )    number of digits right of decimal point
             L ( E , ... , E )

       Operators
             +  -  *  /  %  ^ (% is remainder; ^ is power)
             ++   --         (prefix and postfix; apply to names)
             ==  <=  >=  !=  <  >
             =  +=  -=  *=  /=  %=  ^=

       Statements
             E
             { S ; ... ; S }
             if ( E ) S
             while ( E ) S
             for ( E ; E ; E ) S
             null statement
             break
             quit

       Function definitions
             define L ( L ,..., L ) {
                  auto L, ... , L
                  S; ... S
                  return ( E )
             }

       Functions in -l math library
             s(x) sine
             c(x) cosine
             e(x) exponential
             l(x) log
             a(x) arctangent
             j(n,x)    Bessel function

       All function arguments are passed by value.

       The value of a statement that is an expression is  printed  unless  the
       main operator is an assignment.  Either semicolons or newlines may sep‐
       arate statements.  Assignment to _s_c_a_l_e influences the number of  digits
       to  be  retained  on  arithmetic  operations  in  the  manner of _d_c(1).
       Assignments to _i_b_a_s_e or _o_b_a_s_e set the input  and  output  number  radix
       respectively.

       The same letter may be used as an array, a function, and a simple vari‐
       able simultaneously.  All variables are global to the program.   ‘Auto’
       variables  are pushed down during function calls.  When using arrays as
       function arguments or defining them as automatic variables empty square
       brackets must follow the array name.

       For example

       scale = 20
       define e(x){
            auto a, b, c, i, s
            a = 1
            b = 1
            s = 1
            for(i=1; 1==1; i++){
                 a = a*x
                 b = b*i
                 c = a/b
                 if(c == 0) return(s)
                 s = s+c
            }
       }

       defines  a  function to compute an approximate value of the exponential
       function and

            for(i=1; i<=10; i++) e(i)

       prints approximate values of the exponential function of the first  ten
       integers.

       _B_c  is  actually  a  preprocessor for _d_c(1), which it invokes automati‐
       cally, unless the -c (compile only) option is present.   In  this  case
       the _d_c input is sent to the standard output instead.

FILES
       /usr/lib/lib.b mathematical library
       dc(1)          desk calculator proper

SEE ALSO
       dc(1)
       L. L. Cherry and R. Morris, _B_C _- _A_n _a_r_b_i_t_r_a_r_y _p_r_e_c_i_s_i_o_n _d_e_s_k_-_c_a_l_c_u_l_a_t_o_r
       _l_a_n_g_u_a_g_e

BUGS
       No &&, ||, or ! operators.
       _F_o_r statement must have all three E’s.
       _Q_u_i_t is interpreted when read, not when executed.



7th Edition                     April 29, 1985                           BC(1)