.\" Emacs reference card.  To print: tbl refcard.troff | troff  -*-nroff-*-
.\" Original by Neal Ziring, Washington Univ. (St. Louis)
.\" Version 17 revisions by Paul Rubin, UC Berkeley
.\" Adjusted so it works with vtroff fonts by mit-erl!gildea 5 Feb 86
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.\" side 1
.ne 0.2i
.LG
.LG
.B
.ce
GNU Emacs Quick Reference
.sp 0.5
.I
.SM
.ce
(version 17)
.sp 1.25
.R
.SM
Emacs (\fBE\fR-maks) \- full-screen real-time text editor
.sp 1.25
.h "Entering and Leaving GNU Emacs"
.sp 0.5
.in +2n
\fRemacs\fI file ...\fR
.sp 0.25
^Z		Stop Emacs for later resumption
.sp 0.25
^X ^C		Quit Emacs and return to shell
.R
.in -2n
.sp 1
.TS
lp+2fB s
a l.
GNU EMACS CONCEPTS
.sp 0.5
Insertion	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
You are always in 
insert mode in Emacs.
Ordinary text is inserted
as it is typed.
T}
.sp 0.5
Commands	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
Emacs commands are invoked by
typing sequences of control 
characters.  Control
chars are written \fIC-x\fP,
escape sequences \fIESC x\fP.
T}
.sp 0.5
Buffer 	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
A block of 
text that you may 
examine and modify
in the editor.
T}
.sp 0.5
Window	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
An area on the screen.
A buffer can be displayed
in one or more windows.
T}
.sp 0.5
File	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
A block of text that can be read into
a buffer or written from a buffer.
T}
.sp 0.5
Kills	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
Text that is \fIkilled\fP is placed
in a special kill-buffer.  
Killed text can be retrieved with a \fIyank\fP.
The most recent sixteen kills are kept in the \fIkill-ring\fP.
T}
.sp 0.5
Point	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
The current cursor location 
in each buffer is called
\fIpoint\fP (formerly \fIdot\fP).
T}
.sp 0.5
Mark	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
The \fImark\fP is an invisible pointer in
each buffer.
It is set by many commands to the
location where they were performed.
T}
.sp 0.5
Region	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
Text between the \fIpoint\fR
and the \fImark\fR is called the
\fIregion\fP.
T}
.sp 0.5
Registers	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
Emacs has 26
general registers, named \fIa\fR
through \fIz\fR.  Registers may hold
commands, locations, numbers, or text.
T}
.sp 0.5
Modes	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
Every buffer has a major mode,
and maybe some minor modes.
\fIMajor\fP modes determine
language-sensitive behavior
and define special mode commands.
\fIMinor\fP modes add special features
without adding new commands.
T}
.sp 0.25
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
a  l
l  s
afB l.
GETTING HELP
.sp 0.25
\*(HC 	Invoke the self-documenter
.sp 0.25
T{
.na
.ll 3.9i
.in +1n
The self-documenter function will prompt
for a help command.  Most help commands
ask for a name or character, which they
will then describe for you.
.in -1n
.ad
T}
.sp 0.25
\*(HC a	document functions apropos a word
\*(HC b	list all key bindings
\*(HC c	describe a key sequence briefly
\*(HC f	describe a function
\*(HC k	describe a key sequence completely	
\*(HC l	show last 100 characters typed
\*(HC m	describe this major mode
\*(HC v	describe a variable
\*(HC ?	show list of help commands
\*(HC t	visit a friendly Emacs tutorial
\*(HC i	invoke Info documentation reader
.TE
.bp
.ne 0.3i
.\" side 1 column 2
.TS 
lp+2fB s
a l
a l
l s.
SPECIFYING YOUR TERMINAL TYPE
.sp 0.25
setenv TERM \fItype\fR	  in \fIcsh\fR
TERM=\fItype\fR ; export TERM	  in \fIsh\fR
.sp 0.25
\ here \fItype\fR=hp2621, vt100, etc.
\ see also \fItset(1)\fR and \fIenviron(7)\fR
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
lp+2fB s
a l.
VARIABLES AND OPTIONS
.sp 0.25
\*(HC\  v	T{
.na
.ll 2.5i
Describe a variable.
The variable's value 
and description will
be displayed.
.ad
T}
.sp 0.25
ESC x set-var	T{
.na
.ll 2.5i
Set a variable to a value,
you will be prompted for
the variable name and new 
value.
.ad
T}
.sp 0.25
ESC x edit-opt	T{
.na
.ll 2.5i
Open a buffer to view and set
options interactively.
T}
.TE
.sp 0.75
.ti 5n
.fi
GNU Emacs maintains a large number of
variables that define many of its
operating characteristics.  You
can examine and modify these variables
using the commands given above.
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s s
c c c
c c c
a l l.
USEFUL VARIABLES
.sp 0.25
Variable	Initial	Description
Name	Value
.sp 0.25
auto-save-default	t	auto-save files
auto-save-interval	300	chars between saves
blink-matching-paren	t	show paren matches
c-indent-level	2	C statement indent
c-label-offset	-2	relative label indent
case-fold-search	t	searches ignore case
case-replace	t	replace preserves case
comment-column	32	column to start comments
comment-start	None	string to start comments
fill-column	70	fill text to column
indent-tabs-mode	t	indent can use tabs
scroll-step	0	scroll by when moving
tab-width	8	width of tab char in display
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
l s
l s
l s
ae le.
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
.sp 0.25
.in +2n
Some Emacs commands use regular expressions
for string pattern matching.  Common commands
that use this are the following.
.in -2n
.sp 0.5
isearch-backward-regexp	replace-regexp
isearch-forward-regexp	query-replace-regexp
command-apropos
.sp 0.75
.TE
.TS
expand;
l s
l s
ap+2fI l
afI l.
.in +2n
The following primitives are recognized by the Emacs
pattern matcher.
.in -2n
.sp 0.25
\ ^	beginning of line
\ .	any character except newline
\ $	end of line
[str]	any char in \fIstr\fR
[^str]	...not in \fIstr\fR
[X-Y]	...in range \fIX\fR to \fIY\fR
\e`	beginning of buffer
\e'	end of buffer
\eb	beginning or end of word
\eB	\fBnot\fR beginning or end of word
\ew	any word-constituent character
\eW	any non-word-constituent character
\ *	zero or more of preceding regexp
\ +	one or more of preceding regexp
\ ?	zero or one of preceding regexp
\e|	alternation of two patterns
\e(\  \e)	parentheses for expression grouping
\e0...\e9	remember \fIn\fRth regexp in \e( \e)
.TE
.bp
.\" side 1 column 3
\" .ne 0.2i
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
a l.
THE DISPLAY
.sp 0.25
Text Area	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
A view onto a text buffer.
.br
Each window has its own text area.
Your display always has at least
one text area on it.
T}
.sp 0.25
Mode Line	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
Status line displayed at the bottom of a window.
.br
The mode line
displays the current buffer name, major and minor
editing modes, and current location in the file.
The variable \fImode-line-format\fP defines the contents
and layout of the mode line.
T}
.sp 0.25
Echo Area	T{
.na
.ll 2.8i
A one-line area at the bottom of the screen.
.br
Error messages and progress messages are displayed
in the echo area.
This area is also called the \fImini-buffer\fP,
because Emacs command prompts and your responses are typed there.
.ad
T}
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
a l
l s
a l.
QUERY REPLACE
.sp 0.25
ESC %	Invoke interactive replacement
.sp 0.5
T{
.na
.in +2n
.ll 3.5i
Query-replace will prompt you for a string
and another string with which to replace it.
Replacement proceeds from the current location (point)
to the end of the buffer.
The following query responses are recognized.
.in -2n
.ad
T}
.sp 0.5
space	replace this match
DEL	skip to next match
ESC	exit query replace
\ .	replace this match and exit
C-r	enter recursive edit
C-w	delete match and recursive edit
\ !	replace all remaining matches
\ ^	move back to previous match
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB l
l s.
WRITING NEW COMMANDS
.sp 0.25
T{
.na
.in +2n
.ll 3.5i
New commands can be written by performing them
as keyboard macros, then saving the keyboard macros
in a file as Emacs Lisp code.  You may also write Emacs Lisp
code directly (using \fIemacs-lisp\fR mode).
The functions below are useful for writing and saving your own
new commands.  They are invoked with\ \ ESC x \fIcommand\fP.
See also ``Macros and Repetition''.
.in -2n
.ad
T}
.TE
.sp 0.5
.TS
expand;
a r.
append-kbd-macro	macro to Emacs Lisp file
end-kbd-macro	finish macro definition
kbd-macro-query	wait for user response in a macro
name-last-kbd-macro	give defined macro a name
start-kbd-macro	begin macro definition
write-kbd-macro	write named macro to Emacs Lisp file
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
l s
a r.
REDEFINING COMMAND KEYS
.sp 0.25
T{
.in +2n
.ll 3.5i
Command keys may be redefined globally, or
just for the current major mode.
The following
functions are useful for redefining command
keys.
These commands may be invoked with ESC x \fIcommand\fP.
T}
.sp 0.5
describe-key	tell what a key does
global-set-key	define \fIkey\fP to execute \fIfunction\fP
global-unset-key	remove default binding of \fIkey\fP
local-set-key	define \fIkey\fP as \fIfunction\fP in this major mode
local-unset-key	undefine \fIkey\fP in this major mode
.TE
.bp
.\" side 2 column 1
.ne 0.2i
.LG
.LG
.B
.ce
GNU Emacs Command Reference
.sp 0.5
.I
.SM
.ce
(version 17)
.R
.SM
.sp 1.25
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
a l.
CONTROL SEQUENCES
.sp 0.25
C-\fIx\fR	control char
 	hold CTRL and type \fIx\fR
.sp 0.25
ESC \fIx\fR	meta char
 	type ESC then type \fIx\fR
.sp 0.25
ESC C-\fIx\fR	control-meta char
 	type ESC, then type C-\fIx\fR
.sp 0.25
C-x \fIx\fR	ctrl-x char
 	type C-x then type \fIx\fR.
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
SIMPLE MOTION
.sp 0.25
C-a	beginning-of-line
C-b	backward-char
C-e	end-of-line
C-f	forward-char
TAB	indent-for-tab-command
LINEFEED	newline-and-indent
RETURN	newline
C-n	next-line
C-o	open-line
C-p	previous-line
DEL	delete-backward-char
ESC <	beginning-of-buffer
ESC >	end-of-buffer
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
SCROLLING
.sp 0.25
C-v	scroll-up
C-x <	scroll-left
C-x >	scroll-right
ESC C-v	scroll-other-window
ESC v	scroll-down
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
TEXT MOTION
.sp 0.25
C-x [	backward-page
C-x ]	forward-page
ESC [	backward-paragraph
ESC ]	forward-paragraph
ESC a	backward-sentence
ESC b	backward-word
ESC e	forward-sentence
ESC f	forward-word
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
TRANSPOSITION
.sp 0.25
C-t	transpose-chars
C-x C-t	transpose-lines
ESC C-t	transpose-sexps
ESC t	transpose-words
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
QUERIES AND FIXES 
.sp 0.25
C-g	quit immediately
C-l	recenter (and fix screen)
\*(HC	help-command
C-q	quoted-insert
C-x =	what-cursor-position
C-x l	count-lines-page
C-x u	advertised-undo
C-]	abort-recursive-edit
ESC =	count-lines-region
.\" side 2 column 2
.TE
.bp
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
DELETES, KILLS, AND YANKS
.sp 0.25
C-d	delete-char
C-k	kill-line
C-w	kill-region
C-y	yank
DEL	delete-backward-char
C-x C-o	delete-blank-lines
C-x DEL	backward-kill-sentence
ESC C-w	append-next-kill
ESC \e	delete-horizontal-space
ESC ^	delete-indentation
ESC d	kill-word
ESC k	kill-sentence
ESC w	copy-region-as-kill
ESC y	yank-pop
ESC z	zap-to-char
ESC DEL	backward-kill-word
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
BUFFERS
.sp 0.25
C-x C-b	list-buffers
C-x C-f	find-file
C-x C-s	save-buffer
C-x a	append-to-buffer
C-x b	switch-to-buffer
C-x h	mark-whole-buffer
C-x k	kill-buffer
C-x n	narrow-to-region
C-x s	save-some-buffers
C-x w	widen
C-x 4 b	switch-to-buffer-other-window
ESC ~	not-modified
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
WINDOWS
.sp 0.25
C-x 0	delete-window
C-x 1	delete-other-windows
C-x 2	split-window-vertically
C-x 5	split-window-horizontally
C-x ^	enlarge-window
C-x o	other-window
ESC C-v	scroll-other-window
C-x 4 C-f	find-file-other-window
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1e
FILES
.sp 0.25
C-x C-f	find-file
C-x C-r	find-file-read-only
C-x C-v	find-alternate-file
C-x C-w	write-file
C-x i	insert-file
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
SEARCHING
.sp 0.25
C-s	isearch-forward
C-r	isearch-backward
ESC %	query-replace
ESC C-s	isearch-forward-regexp
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
LISP COMMANDS
.sp 0.25
ESC C-a	beginning-of-defun
ESC C-b	backward-sexp
ESC C-e	end-of-defun
ESC C-f	forward-sexp
ESC C-h	mark-defun
ESC C-k	kill-sexp
ESC (	insert-parentheses
ESC )	move-past-close-and-reindent
.TE
.bp
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
CASE CHANGES
.sp 0.25
C-x C-l	downcase-region
C-x C-u	upcase-region
ESC c	capitalize-word
ESC l	downcase-word
ESC u	upcase-word
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 0.5
FILLING AND CENTERING
.sp 0.25
C-x f	set-fill-column
C-x .	set-fill-prefix
ESC q	fill-paragraph
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
MARKS AND REGISTERS
.sp 0.25
C-@	set-mark-command
C-x C-p	mark-page
C-x C-x	exchange-point-and-mark
C-x /	point-to-register
C-x g	insert-register
C-x h	mark-whole-buffer
C-x j	register-to-point
C-x r	copy-rectangle-to-register
C-x x	copy-to-register
ESC C-@	mark-sexp
ESC C-h	mark-defun
ESC @	mark-word
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
MACROS AND REPETITION
.sp 0.25
C-u	universal-argument
C-x (	start-kbd-macro
C-x )	end-kbd-macro
C-x e	call-last-kbd-macro
C-x q	kbd-macro-query
ESC -	negative-argument
ESC 0 .. ESC 9	digit-argument
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
FUNCTION INVOCATION
.sp 0.25
C-x C-e	eval-last-sexp
C-x ESC	repeat-complex-command
ESC ESC	eval-expression
ESC x	execute-extended-command
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
SHELLS AND SUBSYSTEMS
.sp 0.25
C-x d	dired (edit directory)
C-x m	mail
ESC !	shell-command
ESC |	shell-command-on-region
ESC $	spell-word
.T&
lp+2fB s
a l.
.sp 1
EXIT
.sp 0.25
C-x C-c	save-buffers-kill-emacs
C-x C-z	suspend-emacs
ESC C-c	exit-recursive-edit
.TE
.sp 1
.TS
expand;
lp+2fB s
l s
a l.
Some Editing Modes
.sp 0.25
\ (invoke with  ESC x \fImode-name\fR)
.sp 0.25
abbrev-mode	auto-fill-mode
c-mode	text-mode
fundamental-mode	lisp-interaction-mode	      
lisp-mode	nroff-mode		      
outline-mode	overwrite-mode		      
picture-mode	scheme-mode
.TE