.th LS I 3/20/74
.sh NAME
ls  \*-  list contents of directory
.sh SYNOPSIS
.bd ls
[
.bd \*-ltasdruifg
] name ...
.sh DESCRIPTION
For each directory argument,
.it ls
lists the contents of the directory;
for each file argument,
.it ls
repeats its name and any other information requested.
The output is sorted alphabetically by default.
When no argument is given, the current directory is listed.
When several arguments are given,
the arguments are first sorted appropriately,
but file arguments appear
before directories and their contents.
There are several options:
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-l\fR	list in long format, giving mode, number of links, owner,
size in bytes, and time of last modification
for each file.
(See below.)
If the file is a special file the size field will instead contain
the major and minor device numbers.
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-t\fR	sort by time modified (latest first) instead of
by name, as is normal
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-a\fR	list all entries; usually those beginning with `\fB.\fR' are
suppressed
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-s\fR	give size in blocks for each entry
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-d\fR	if argument is a directory, list only its name, not
its contents (mostly used with
.bd \*-l
to get status
on directory)
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-r\fR	reverse the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic
or oldest first as appropriate
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-u\fR	use time of last access instead of last
modification for sorting (\fB\*-t\fR) or printing
(\fB\*-l\fR)
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-i\fR	print i-number in first column
of the report for each file listed
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\*-f\fR	force each argument to be interpreted as a directory
and list the name found in each slot.
This option turns off
.bd "\*-l, \*-t, \*-s,"
and
.bd \*-r,
and
turns on
.bd \*-a;
the order is the order in which entries
appear in the directory.
.s3
.lp +4 4
\fB\-g\fR	Give group ID instead of owner ID in long listing.
.s3
.i0
The mode printed under the
.bd \*-l
option contains 11 characters
which are interpreted
as follows:
the first character is
.s3
.lp +3 3
\fBd\fR	if the entry is a directory;
.lp +3 3
\fBb\fR	if the entry is a block-type special file;
.lp +3 3
\fBc\fR	if the entry is a character-type special file;
.lp +3 3
\fB\*-\fR	if the entry is a plain file.
.s3
.i0
The next 9 characters are interpreted
as three sets of three bits each.
The first set refers to owner permissions;
the next to permissions to others in the same user-group;
and the last to all others.
Within each set the three characters indicate
permission respectively to read, to write, or to
execute the file as a program.
For a directory, `execute' permission is interpreted
to mean permission to search the directory
for a specified file.
The permissions are indicated as follows:
.s3
.lp +3 3
\fBr\fR	if the file is readable
.lp +3 3
\fBw\fR	if the file is writable
.lp +3 3
\fBx\fR	if the file is executable
.lp +3 3
\fB\*-\fR	if the indicated permission is not granted
.s3
.i0
The group-execute permission character is given
as
.bd s
if the file has set-group-ID mode;
likewise the user-execute permission character is given
as
.bd s
if the file has set-user-ID mode.
.s3
The last character of the mode is normally blank but is printed as
``t'' if the 1000 bit of the mode is on.
See
.it "chmod (I)"
for the current meaning of this mode.
.sh FILES
/etc/passwd to get user ID's for
\fBls \*-l\fR.
.sh BUGS