.tr # {#
	
.ls 1
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L110 Programmer's Manual
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.ce 1
Forrest William Howard, Jr.
.ce 1
HRSTS
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Science Center
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Harvard University
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September 28,1975
.he	'''l110 Programming manual'
.bp
.fo ''-%-''
.bl 3
.ul 1
Using L110
.br
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.bl
.ti +5
After you have logged into the HRSTS system , respond
to the prompting "& " by:
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##########& l110
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L110 will respond with a message, and prompt you for input
with a "->", indicating that you are in eval mode.  Commands
may now be typed to L110.
.bl 1
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.ti +5
If one wishes to use the EVALQUOTE feature, then one
should respond to the prompt with:
.bl 1
##########->($MUMBLE T)
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L110 will then prompt you with "<-" indicating that you are
in EVALQUOTE mode.  The rules for EVALQUOTE are :
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##########1.)#A command has the form:
.br
#######################F1#(F2#F3#F4#...#Fn)
.br
##############where F1,#...,#Fn are arbitrary forms.
.bl 1
##########2.)#The form:
.br
#######################(F1#(QUOTE2)(QUOTE#F3)...(QUOTE#Fn))
.br
##############is#then evaled and the result is printed on
##############the terminal.
.bl 1
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.ti +5
Example:
.bl 1
##########<-CAR((A B))
.br
##########A
.br
##########<-CDR((A B C))
.br
##########(B C)
.br
.bl
.ti +5
There are some special characters in L110, namely [, ],
and "'".  Single quote serves the function of QUOTEing the
s-expression, atom, or number following, for example:
.bl 1
		'A=(QUOTE A)
.br
		'(A B C)=(QUOTE (A B C))
.bl
.ti +5
Right bracket serves the function of providing as many
right parentheses as necessary to close back to either the
last left bracket or to the beginning of the current
s-expression.  For example:
.bl 1
		(A B C]=(A B C)
.br
		(A (B (C ]=(A (B (C)))
.br
		(A [B (C])=(A (B (C)))
.br
		()=[]=[)=(]=NIL
.bl
.ti +5
The standard editing commands on the HRSTS system work
with L110, i.e.  CTRL-U erases the current line, RUBOUT
deletes the last character up to the begining of the line,
etc.
.bl 3
.ul 1
#Data Types
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There are 5 data types in L110:
.bl 1
.nf 
.ul 1
	###Type				Description
.bl 1
	Dotted Pair (DTPR)	List element with CAR and CDR.
.bl 1
	Integer#(INT)		Number with range +#or#-2^30 -1
.bl 1
	Atom#(ATOM)		Unique internal representation  
					of strings.  Atoms have
					a Property List (PLIST)
					a Top Level Binding (TLB) and
					a Function Binding (FNB).
.bl 1
	Binary{Code#(BCD)	Machine instructions.
.bl 1
	Ports#(PORT)		Channels for input/output.
.bl 1
.br
.fi
.bl
.ti +5
The CAR and CDR of a dotted pair may point to any other
system objects, including the DTPR to which they belong.  
This is true for the PLIST, TLB, and FNB of atoms, although
these cells are usually reserved for special things (see
Weissman,C., LISP 1.5 PRIMER).
.bl 1
.ti +5
The name for an atom is a string of up to 64
characters of the set
.bl 1
##########a-z,A-Z,0-9,!,$,",',/,-,+,%,&,<,>,?,*,;,:,","
.bl 1
i.e.  all characters except (, ), ".", [, ].  The atom must
start with a printing character other than (, ), [, ], ".", or
0-9, and ends with a character from the set (, ), [,
], ., <space>, <tab>, <cr>, <lf>, <bs>, <ht>, <vt>, <ff>,
<altmode>.
When a token begins with a "-", a check is made on the next character to see if it is numeric (0-9); if the second character is numeric, the token is considered an integer.
Otherwise, the token is made an atom.
Non-printing or control characters may be imbedded within an atom (but may not start an atom).
It should be noted that certain character have special meaning in general (^m is a carrige return) or may have special meaning to the Unix monitor (^c, ^d, etc.).
Only the low order 7 bits of any character are saved; the "parity" bit is disposed of.
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A character other than these may be included by
starting an atom with a double quote; any character other
than '"' may be included in such an atom.  The atom ends with
the next occurrence of '"'.
.bl
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If two strings are identical, they represent the same
atom.  Note that upper case atoms (in full or part) are
different then lower case atoms.  All the atoms that the
system knows about at the start are lower case.
.bl
.ti +5
The atom "ABC" is equivilent to ABC.
.bl
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The cell of the atoms may be referenced by CAR, CDR,
RPLACA, RPLACD, DEF, PUTD, and GETD, where the "CAR" of an
atom is its PLIST, and "CDR" of an atom is its TLB.
.bl
.ti +5
In L110, numbers may or may not have a unique
representation, depending on the value and the version of
L110 in use.  Please note that EQ always returns T when
comparing numbers if the value of the numbers are the same,
whether or not the numbers have the same cell.
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.ti +5
The input format for numbers is a string of decimal
digits, optionally starting with "-".  The number is
terminated when a non-numeric character is encountered.
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.ul
#FUNCTIONS
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In L110 there are four function types:
.nf
.bl 1
	1.)#BINARY{CODE taking one argument unevaluated.
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	2.)#BINARY{CODE taking n arguments, each one evaluated.
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	3.)#Defined LAMBDA taking n arguments, each one evaled.
.bl 1
	4.)#Defined NLAMBDA taking one argument, unevaluated.
.fi
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.ti +5
Expressions used to define functions must start with
either LAMBDA or NLAMBDA.  Following LAMBDA or NLAMBDA is a
list of arguments#(possibly null), where each atom of the
list is the name for an argument for the function defined by
the expression.  For LAMBDA's, the arguments to the function
will be evaluated and paired with these argument names.  If
not enough arguments are supplied, the argument names will
be initilized to NIL.  If too many arguments are supplied,
the extra arguments will be evaluated and discarded.  For
NLAMBDA's, the argument list is bound to the first variable
in the variable list, and the remaining variables are bound
to NIL.
.bl 3
.ul
Built-In Functions
.bl 1
.bl
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The functions listed below are built-in functions, i.e.
they are defined by the basic system.
.bp
.nf
.ul
FUNCTION	ARGS	DESCRIPTION#(see Weissman)
.bl 1
.bl 1
EXIT		--	Causes return to monitor
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SYS		--	same as exit
.bl 1
DEF		--	(see Weissman)
.bl 1
NULL		1	if#ARG=NIL#returns T;#otherwise, return t.
.bl 1
PUTD		2	ARG1 must be atomic. Defines the function
			cell of arg1 to be arg2.
.bl 1
GETD		1	ARG##must##be##atomic.## Returns##function
			definitioni (possibly nil).
.bl 1
CONS		2	(pg. 30)
.bl 1
CAR		1	(pg. 31)#CAR of an atom is PLIST
.bl 1
CDR		1	(pg. 32)#CDR of an atom is TLB
.bl 1
ATOM		1	(pg. 74)#(ATOM NIL)=T
.bl 1
DTPR		1	Returns T iff arg is DTPR
.bl 1
BCD		1	Returns T iff arg is BCD
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PORT		1	Returns T iff arg is PORT
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QUOTE		--	(pg. 59)
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EVAL		1	(pg. 61)
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PLUS		--	(pg. 83)
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TIMES		--	(pg. 83)
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ADD		2	Returns ARG1+ARG2
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DIFFERENCE	2	(pg. 83)
.bl 1
DIFF		2	same as DIFFERENCE
.bl 1
QUOTIENT	2	(pg. 83)
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QUO		2	same as QUOTIENT
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NUMBERP		1	(pg. 76)
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NUMBP		1	same as NUMBERP
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LESSP		2	(pg.#77)
.bl 1
GREATERP	2	(pg. 77)
.bl 1
RPLACA		2	(pg.#146) value of RPLACA is ARG1
.bl 1
RPLACD		2	(pg. 146)#value of RPLACD is ARG1
.bl 1
EQ		2	If ARG1 is the same object as ARG2# return
			T. If ARG1 and ARG2 are both INTs and they
			are##the##same###value##then###return###T.
			Otherwise, return NIL.
.bl 1
COND		--	(pg. 70)##The####conditional####expression
			has been##generalized##so##that instead of
			of doubles it accepts##(M+1)#tuples, where 
			if the first##element of##the  tuple evals
			to non-NIL##then##the##2nd##through###m'th
			elements##are##evaluated.###The##value##of
			failng a condtional is NIL.
.bl 1
PROG		--	(see Weissman) The value##of falling off a
			PROG is NIL.
.bl 1
RETURN		--	RETURN causes control to be transferred to
			the##function calling the most recent PROG
			with the value of ARG1 as the value of the
			PROG.
.bl 1
GO		--	If##the##argument###is##non-atomic##it##is
			evaluated to##(hopefully)##an##atom.  Then
			all entered##PROGs are##searched##for that
			label. GO has no value.
.bl 1
SETQ		2	(SETQ##ARG1 ARG2)##ARG2 is evaluated.###If
			ARG1 is atomic, its current binding is set
			to the result of##evaluating##ARG2; other-
			wise an error is invoked.
.bl 1
SET		2	(set arg1 arg2)
			Like SETQ, but EVAL'S its arg1.
.bl
.fi
.bl 3
.ul
I-O Functions
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
L110 allows 7 ports to be open at once.  
.bl 1
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
In the functions below, P stands for PORT, which must
evaluate to either NIL or a PORT returned by INFILE or
OUTFILE.  Doing I-O to port NIL uses the teletype.  It
should be noted that the teletype buffer is dumped only when
PRINT or TERPR is used.  Thus PATOM does not dump the
buffer.  The result of this is that occasionally characters
output by PATOM will not show up immediatly.
.bl 1
.in 16
.ti -16
(INFILE S X)
.br
If X is omitted or is NIL then the file (EVAL S) is opened for it.
If X is non-null, then (EVAL S) in the 
system library is opened for input.
The value of INFILE is a PORT.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(OUTFILE S)
.br
(EVAL S) is opened for output. 
The value of OUTFILE is a PORT.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(CLOSE P)
.br
The file corresponding to port P is closed.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(DRAIN P)
.br
P must be and output port.  The buffer 
for P is output.  Drain is called implicitly
by CLOSE, and TERPR and PRINT with NIL as arg.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(RESETIO)
.br
All ports are closed. Returns NIL.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(PRINT X P)
.br
X is printed on the file corresponding to P.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(PATOM X P)
.br
If x is an atom, X is printed without double-quotes to file
corresponding to P.
If x is numberic, its low order 8 bits are output to the port specified.
For teletype raw mode output, attention is called to the function EXEC, applied to the system program stty (though it should be remembered that no input processing is done in raw mode, therefore no ^c's, etc.).
.bl 1
.ti -16
(READ P)
.br
One s-expression is read from the file
corresponding to port P.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(RATOM P)
.br
One token is input from the file corresponding to port P.
On end of file, the special atom "eof" is returned.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(READC X)
.br
Reads one character of port X and
turns that character into an atom.
The atom eof is returned on end
of file.
If input is being taken from the teletype (port nil) then a ^d with no other characters before it will cause "eof" to be returned.
Otherwise, ^d will cause immediate transmission of the preceeding characters.
^c works as for ususal teletype input
.bl
.ti -16
(LOAD S X)
.br
The file referred to by the algorithm in INFILE
is opened, and (EVAL(READ)) is performed upon it 
until end-of-file is encountered.
.bp
.ti -16
.ul
Debugging Functions
.bl 1
.ti -16
(PROTOCOL X)
.br
If X is NIL, the file L110.PROTOCOL is opened.
Otherwise open the file X.
Then copy out the input and output done on the 
teletype to that file.
.bl
.ti -16
(UNPROTOCOL B)
.br
Close the PROTOCOL file if it is open.
If B is non-NIL, then also Print and delete
the protocol file.
.bl
.ti -16
(BT)
.br
Prints history of EVAL activations on the
teletype.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(RESET)
.br
Causes immediate return to top level interpreter;
current state is lost.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(RETBRK INT)
.br
if arg is not an int, return nil. otherwise, if
arg is >=0, then return to that particular break
level.  if arg is negative, then return to the
<current level + n>'th level.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(BREAK X)
.br
X is printed on the teletype, and control is 
transferred to the break package. Break can be
used to suspend the execution of a program.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(CONT X)
.br
Control is transferred to the most recent break.
If the break was due to a non-continuable error,
.bl
.nf
		CAN'T CONTINUE
.bl
.fi
is printed and control is transferred to the break
level interpreter.  Otherwise, the value of X is
used to try to continue, or, if the break was due
to a call from (BREAK), the value of X becomes
the value of (BREAK).
.bl 3
.ti -16
.ul
Special Functions
.bl 1
.ti -16
(CONCATP 'atom)
.br
CONCATP concats the string corresponding to the Lisp system's process 
ID to the atom. Example:
.bl
.nf
		foo becomes foo1234.
.bl
.fi
foo1234 is an atom.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(CONCAT 'atom 'arg)
.br
If ARG is an integer, CONCAT results in the
concatenation of the atom and the 
string representation of the integer. If
ARF is an atom, results in the
concatenation of the two atoms. The
result is an atom.
.bl 2
.ti -16
(NTHCHAR 'atom int) or
.br
.ti -16
###(NTHCHAR 'atom)
.br
If only the atom is supplied, the
result is an int which corresponds to
the length of the atom's printname.
If the int is supplied, an atom with
only one character is returned.
that character is the n'th character in
the original atom, or null ("") if the int
is out of range.
.bl
.ti -16
(GENSYM arg)
.br
If ARG is non-INT, returns an atom such
as GENSYM9999.  If arg is INT, resets
gensym number to low 16 bits of arg, and
returns the INT.
(GENSYM) decrements its number after
each call.
.bl
.ti -16
(LINELENGTH X)
.br
If X is an INT, it is taken to be the new
width of the output line in characters.
If X is not an INT, no action is taken.
The width of the TTY line at point of return
is always returned.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(CHARCNT P)
.br
The number of characters remaining on
the current line in port P is returned.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(TERPR P)
.br
Prints a linefeed on port P. Resets the
character count used by CHARCNT. 
.bl 1
.ti -16
(PNTLEN ARG)
.br
Returns length of PRINTNAME of ARG1 if it
is INT or ATOM.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(RECLAIM ARG1 ARG2)
.br
ARG1 and ARG2 must be NIL or numeric.
Sets garbage collection parameters to
return at least ARG1 DTPRS and ARG2 INTS.
Invokes garbage collection; returns
.bl
.nf
		(FDTPR.FINT).
.bl 1
.fi
.ti -16
($MUMBLE A B C)
.br
If the type of C is an integer, the namestack
length is adjusted to provide that many bound
variable pairs before overflow.
If B is NIL, then the garbage collector is
enabled to collect just DTPRS and INTS.
Otherwise, everything is collected.
If A is NIL, the EVAL READER is set to be used.
If A is non-NIL, then EVALQUOTE is set to be used.
The value of $MUMBLE is A if C is non-numeric.
If C is numeric, a reset is executed at the
conclusion of the function call.
.bl 1
.nf
	The prompts are as follows:
		EVAL		EVALQUOTE
	Normal	->		<-
	Break##	nn:>		<nn:
.bl
.fi
where nn is the present break level.
.bp
.in 0
.ul
Non-Primitive Functions
.br
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
A number of non-primitive functions, i.e., functions
defined by LAMBDA and NLAMBDA expressions are available in
L110.  A complete listing can be obtained by typing the file
/LIB/LISP/AUXFNS.  In most cases, the semantics for the
functions can be found in Weissman.
.bl 1
.ul
Property List Functions
.in 16
.bl 1
.ti -16
(PUTPROP ATOM PROPERTY IND)
.br
A LAMBDA. This function puts
PROPERTY on the PLIST of ATOM
under IND.  Returns  PROPERTY.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(GET ATOM IND)
.br
A LAMBDA. Searches PLIST of ATOM
for IND, and returns associated property.
If IND is not found, returns NIL.
.bl 3
.ul
.ti -16
Extended CAR and CDR
.bl 2
CAAR,#CDAR,#CADR,#CDDR
.bl 3
.ul
.ti -16
Logical Functions
.bl 2
AND		pg. 78
.bl 1
OR		pg. 78
.bl 3
.ul
.ti -16
Arithmetic
.bl 2
(ADD1 X)	(PLUS X 1)
.bl 1
(SUB1 X)	(DIFF X 1)
.bl 3
.ul
.ti -16
MAP Functions
.bl 2
.ti -16
(MAPCAR FUNC LIST)
.br
Applies FUNC to each element of LIST.
Returns LIST of results.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(MAPC  FUNC LIST)
.br
Same as MAPCAR except does not copy LIST.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(FUNCTION F)
.br
Used to QUOTE a function argument.
.bl 1
.bl 3
.ul
.ti -16
Function Definition
.bl 2
.ti -16
DEFEVQ(ATOM FUNCTION)
.br
Same as DEF but used with EVALQUOTE.
.bl 1
.ul
.ti -16
Pretty Printing
.bl 1
.ti -16
(PP (FUNC1 FUNCN)  or
.ti -16
#PPEVQ((FUNC1 FUNCN))
.br
Pretty prints the functions specified to
the port  currently bound to POPORT.
Thus to PRETTY PRINT to a file,
.bl 1
.nf
.in 0
			(SETQ POPORT (OUTFILE 'FOO))
			(pp (update teco))
			(CLOSE POPORT)
			(SETQ POPORT NIL)
.bl 2
($PRPR form)
.in 16
.fi
.br
Call to the inner pretty print routines. usefull
to print out an arbitrary form.
.bl 2
.ul
.ti -16
User Functions
.bl 1
.ti -16
(EXEC arg1 arg2 ... argn)
.br
Exec is a NLAMBDA that takes each
arguement and passes them to the UNIX
monitor as strings as described in 
the EXEC(II) system call.
Exec returns the value of the process'
%0 when it died.
L110 waits until the process dies.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(SHELL)
.br
Invokes a sub-shell; return to 
LISP with BY<e>.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(TECO 'file)
.br
Teco is called on the file.
If teco is exited with an EX or EQ
the file is not loaded; if exited
with EG, the file is loaded by LISP.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(TECF (func1 func2 ... funcn)) OR
.ti -16
#TECFEVQ((func1.....funcn))
.br
TECF creates a temporary file,
PRETTY PRINTs the named functions
to the file, then calls TECO
on it.
TECO may load the file on return,
and then in any case the file
and its backup are deleted.
.bl 1
.ti -16
(UPDATE 'file)
.br
UPDATE replaces the definitions of 
any function defined in the
current enviroment that occurs in the 
file. Useful in conjunction with 
TECF.
.in 0
.bp
.ul
Loading Functions from Files
.bl 1
.fi
.bl
.ti +5
It is recommended that the user prepare on a separate
file (using TECO) any function definition longer than one or
two lines.  The reason for this suggestion is that there is
no way of editing the previous line of a function being
entered on the teletype.
.bl
.ti +5
The function LOAD (see Primitives) reads and evaluates
s-exps stored on a file.  In particular, if the s-exps are
of the form
.bl 1
	(DEF ATOM FUNCTION)
.bl 1
then the effect of the LOAD will be to define all of the
functions in the file.
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
To edit a function definition, the user can either
(EXIT) from L110 or invoke TECO.  To do this:
.nf
	->(TECO 'filename)
	UNIX TECO ...
	edit....
	EX$$ 
 OR
	EG$$
 OR
	EQ$$
	NIL
	->
.br
.fi
.bl 1
If EG is used the file will be loaded; if EX or EQ, the file
will not be loaded.
.bl 3
.ul
Execution Errors
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
When an error occurs during the evaluation of an L110
function, the L110 break package is invoked.  The break
package will print out 1) a descriptive message identifying
what the error is, a function name indicating where the
error occurred, and either a :> or <: prompt.  These prompts
indicate that the stacks are suspended at the point of the
error, and that the situation may be more thoroughly
investigated.
.bl 1
Example:
.bl 1
.nf
.bl 1
	->(DEF FOO (LAMBDA(X Y)(PROG() A (CAR X]
	FOO
	->(FOO 1)
	CAN'T FOLLOW CAR OR CDR
	BREAKING	CAR
	1:>
.bl 1
.fi
.bl 1
The error occurred because we can't take the CAR of an INT.
The user can now type commands just as he would at top
level; the only difference is that the current bindings are
available for examination.  To continue with the example:
.bl 1
.nf
.bl 1
.bl 1
.bl 1
	1:>X
	1
	1:>Y
	NIL
.bl 1
.fi
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
To leave the break, the user may 1) return to top level
with (RESET) or RESET(), 2) attempt to continue by (CONT
'NEWVALUE) or CONT(NEWVALUE).  Thirdly, as in the example
above, the user may correct the bindings and continue with
GO.  For example:
.bl 1
.nf
.bl 1
.bl 1
	1:>(SETQ X (B C]
	(B C)
	1:>(GO A)
	B
	->
.fi
.bl 3
.ul
Setting Breakpoints
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
The L110 break package can be invoked under
circumstances other than error conditions.  In particular,
the function BREAK may be called from a user function to set
a breakpoint at that spot, which is often useful during
debugging.  Break takes one argument which it evaluates and
prints on the teletype.
.bl 1
.nf
	->(DEF FUM (LAMBDA(X)
		(COND ((LESSP X 0)
			##(BREAK ' "VALUE NEGATIVE")))
			(T (TIMES 2 X]
	FUM
	->(FUM 3)
	6
	->(FUM -3)
	"VALUE NEGATIVE"
	BREAKING BREAK
	1:>X
	-3
	1:>(CONT (PLUS X 3]
	0
	->
.fi
.bl 3
.ul
"Emergency" Measures
.bl 1
.bl
.ti +5
CTRL-O and CTRL-C respectively suppress output and
request L110 to stop prematurely.  Typing CTRL-C causes
control to pass to the break package; this error may be
continued, although the value supplied by continue is
ignored.  Typing CNTRL-C five or six time will cause
immediate execution of a reset.
.bl
.ti +5
CTRL-B causes a core dump to be taken of the system.
It is usually not too useful.
.bl 1
.ti +5
If a ctrl-c is typed while reading a form, it will erase the entire form
being input (even if it is several lines long) and simulate a retbrk to the most recent break level or else top level
.bl 2
.ul
Leaving L110
.bl 1
.ti +5
Typing CTRL-D to the prompt, or evaluating (EXIT) or
(SYS) will cause return to the parent process.
.bp
.ul
Addition 1
.bl
.bl
.ti +5
In the LISP that is on the system, AND, ADD1, SUB1, OR,
CAAR, CADR, CDAR, CDDR, LIST, APPEND, MAPCAR, MAPC, LENGTH,
APPLY*,MEMBER, NCONC, and CONC are now hardcode.
.bp
.ul
Error Messages
.bl
.ti +5
Below are the error messages of the current implementation.
.bl 1
.nf
.bl 2
READ LIST ERROR
		Reader didn't like something you typed in.
.bl 2
ARITHMETIC OVERFLOW
		You tried to make a number that was too large.
.bl 2
I-O ERROR
.fi
.in 16
Probably trying to read a port in the wrong direction,
or else trying to write on a port that you closed.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
CAN'T READ PAST END OF PORT
		You tried to read past the end of a file.
.bl 2
FILE NOT AVAILABLE
		The file doesn't exist or you have no permission.
.bl 2
ATTEMPt TO OPEN TOO MANY FILES
		You tried to open more than seven files.
.bl 2
CANNOT ALLOCATE BUFFER FOR FILE
.in 16
.fi
you are out of space. Try to close some unnecessary files
and continue.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
5 ^C'S PANIC--RETURN TO LAST TOP LEVEL
		You typed 5 ^c's.
.bl 2
^C DURING TYPE IN
.in 16
.fi
You typed ^c during type in. Return to last top level.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
SEG VIOLATION 
.in 16
.fi
Lisp internal error--mainly intended for use with compiler.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
CONTROL STACK OVERFLOW; RESET GENERATED
		You had excessive recursion.
.bp
***BUSS ERROR DURING GCOL-- LISP EXIT***
.in 16
.fi
A lisp internal error. Please send reports and the core dump
to Forrest.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
BUS ERROR 
		Internal bus error. Similar to Seg fault.
.bl 2
CAN'T CONTINUE
.in 16
.fi
You attempted to continue from a non-continuable error.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
CANNOT ALLOCATE ANOTHER ATOM PAGE
.in 16
.fi
There is no more space-- try closing extra ports to
free buffers up, if necessary. Non-continuable.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
NAME STACK OVERFLOW
HARD NAME STACK OVERFLOW; RESET EXECUTED
.in 16
.fi
You exceeded the name stack size. In the former case, ther was
room to pass control to the break package--in the latter,
a reset had to be executed.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
NOT ENOUGH STACK SPACE TO ATTEMPT GCOL
.in 16
.fi
This message may occur after a mumble that leaves very
little control stack space. Try another $mumble.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
CANNOT RECLAIM REQUIRED AMOUNT OF INTS OR DTPRS
.in 16
.fi
The minimun amount of dtprs and ints (100 and 100 initially)
are not available. free up space, and continue.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
NO MORE DTPRS--HIT BREAK TO RETURN TO TOP LEVEL
.in 16
.fi
This message is given when there are no more dtprs,
hence no way to free up dtprs. As advertised, break
will return to top level.
.nf
.in 0
.bl 2
ATOM TOO LONG
.in 16
.fi
you tried to make an atom with more than 100 characters.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
ILLEGAL CHARACTER IN ATOM
		An atom started with a garbage character.
.bp
UNDEFINED PROCEDURE
		Eval could make no sense of your procedure.
.bl 2
NO PROG TO GO TO OR RETURN FROM
.in 16
.fi
Return or goto could not find their destinations.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
CAN'T FOLLOW CAR OR CDR
.in 16
.fi
Attempt to take car or cdr of non-atom or non-dtpr.
.in 0
.nf
.bl 2
IMPROPER USE OF SETQ
		Set or Setq's first arg is not an atom.
.bl 2
ONLY ATOMS HAVE FUNCTION DEFINITIONS
		You can only def or putd an atom.
.bl 2
NON-NUMERIC ARG TO ARITHMETIC SUBR
		You tried to operate on a non-integer.
.bl 2
CANNOT MEET STACK REQUEST
.in 16
.fi
Message from $mumble, telling you that you are greedy
in your stack request.
.nf
.in 0
.bl 2
BAD ARG TO SPECIAL SUBR
.in 16
.fi
All purpose message used by concat, linelength, chrct, etc.
.in 0